Title: Default for MSc_skills
Course: MSc level academic and professional (information) skills

Q: Question 1

Put the 4 stages in Defining your search question in the right order of time.

[Image: question]
- 1 | Frame your research assignment (get focus)
- 2 | Exploration of the field of study
- 3 | Provisional search and delimitation of time, language, document types
- 4 | Define final search question (even a ‘final’ search question can change later on
If right: That's right!
If partly right: The right order is: 1. Frame your research assignment (get focus) 2. Exploration of the field of study 3. Provisional search and delimitation of time, language, document types 4. Define final search question (even a ‘final’ search question can change later on
If wrong: The right order is: 1. Frame your research assignment (get focus) 2. Exploration of the field of study 3. Provisional search and delimitation of time, language, document types 4. Define final search question (even a ‘final’ search question can change later on

Q: Question 2 - Exploration with Web of Science

[Image: Web of Science]
You want to do an exploratory search, aimed at providing a first overview of your subject.
You start with Web of Science, a database that only contains peer-reviewed articles.
Multiple answers possible.
- Generally speaking this is not wise because articles usually describe a very limited subject. (When you’re looking for an overview, you can find basic information in encyclopedias, handbooks and textbooks.)
- This is only a wise thing to do if you refine your search to document type ‘review articles’. (But only if you know something of this field of study and don’t start at the very beginning. Review articles give an overview, but demand some knowledge of the field.)
- This is wise because Web of Science is a very large database, it contains refereed articles for beginners as well. (Web of Science does contain refereed scientific articles, but those articles generally describe in detail a very limited subject. Not very suitable for the beginning of your exploration.)
A: Generally speaking this is not wise because articles usually describe a very limited subject.; This is only a wise thing to do if you refine your search to document type ‘review articles’.

Question 3

You only can formulate a good search question when you are familiar with the field of study.

For example: you must know the relevant concepts and their precise meaning. If that is not the case, start with a general exploration. For that purpose you trace relevant reference literature via the library catalogue, such as (specialized) encyclopedias, handbooks and textbooks. You can also use the open Internet at this stage.

It may turn out that during the exploration your subject must be adjusted, restricted or extended.

[Image: exploration]
Feedback: This "question" will not be scored, but can be useful for introducing a set of related questions.

Q: Question 4 - Exploration with Wikipedia.

[Image: Wikipedia]

Is Wikipedia a suitable source when you want to familiarize yourself with a new field of study?
- Yes, Wikipedia is a reliable source. (“Mostly yes, but note that reliability is varying, so try to separate facts and opinions” is the right answer. In Wikipedia everyone can contribute content and there is limited quality control. The quality and depth of the items therefore varies considerably. In scientific work a reference to Wikipedia is unacceptable, but for familiarizing yourself with a subject Wikipedia is a suitable source. Try to separate facts and opinions. For facts the quality control of Wikipedia works very well. Research stated that Wikipedia contains less factual mistakes than well-established classic encyclopedias.)
- Mostly yes, but note that reliability is varying, so try to separate facts and opinions. (In Wikipedia everyone can contribute content and there is limited quality control. The quality and depth of the items therefore varies considerably. In scientific work a reference to Wikipedia is unacceptable, but for familiarizing yourself with a subject Wikipedia is a suitable source. Try to separate facts and opinions. For facts the quality control of Wikipedia works very well. Research stated that Wikipedia contains less factual mistakes than well-established classic encyclopedias.)
- No, most of the time Wikipedia offers information that is not reviewed by others. (“Mostly yes, but note that reliability is varying, so try to separate facts and opinions” is the right answer. In Wikipedia everyone can contribute content and there is limited quality control. The quality and depth of the items therefore varies considerably. In scientific work a reference to Wikipedia is unacceptable, but for familiarizing yourself with a subject Wikipedia is a suitable source. Try to separate facts and opinions. For facts the quality control of Wikipedia works very well. Research stated that Wikipedia contains less factual mistakes than well-established classic encyclopedias.)
- No, sources like Wikipedia do not fit in a scientific environment at all. (“Mostly yes, but note that reliability is varying, so try to separate facts and opinions” is the right answer. In Wikipedia everyone can contribute content and there is limited quality control. The quality and depth of the items therefore varies considerably. In scientific work a reference to Wikipedia is unacceptable, but for familiarizing yourself with a subject Wikipedia is a suitable source. Try to separate facts and opinions. For facts the quality control of Wikipedia works very well. Research stated that Wikipedia contains less factual mistakes than well-established classic encyclopedias.)
A: Mostly yes, but note that reliability is varying, so try to separate facts and opinions.

Question 5

If you don’t have an overview of your own research subject, familiarize yourself with it. Learn the important concepts and their precise meaning.

[Image]
Feedback: This "question" will not be scored, but can be useful for introducing a set of related questions.

Q: Question 1

When starting a new subject or project, a wise thing to do is to explore the subject by reading books or journal articles that offer detailed information.
- True (Exploring a new subject is done most efficiently by using less detailed sources such as corresponding encyclopedias, dictionaries, manuals, literature lists and experts.)
- False (That's right! Exploring a new subject is done most efficiently by using less detailed sources such as corresponding encyclopedias, dictionaries, manuals, literature lists and experts.)
A: False

Q: Question 2

Assessing a book is best done by scanning through the whole text.
- True (Books usually contain a table of contents or register that make their use a lot easier.)
- False (Books usually contain a table of contents or register that make their use a lot easier.)
A: False

Q: A PhD-thesis contains new information, but also a summary of older literature concerning that area.
- True (PhD-theses are highly valuable sources.)
- False (PhD-theses are highly valuable sources.)
A: True

Q: Go to the hompage of the Journal of popular music studiesLinks to an external site., read some article titles, have a look at the 'author guidelines' (contribute - author guidelines) and find out what kind of journal this is.

[Image: JPMS]
- Trade journal (This journal is a scientific journal with peer review, in the ‘Author guidelines’ (screen copy below) you see that “Each submission is considered by external specialist reviewers …” [Image])
- Magazine (This journal is a scientific journal with peer review, in the ‘Author guidelines’ (screen copy below) you see that “Each submission is considered by external specialist reviewers …” [Image])
- Peer reviewed scientific journal (This journal is a scientific journal with peer review, in the ‘Author guidelines’ (screen copy below) you see that “Each submission is considered by external specialist reviewers …” [Image])
A: Peer reviewed scientific journal

Q: If you want to know the latest developments (e.g. best practices and pitfalls) on constructing an artificial island in the sea, where should you look for this?

[Image: airfield sea]
- Conference proceeding (On scientific conferences speakers present their latest work to discuss with other scientist and ask for comments. They also want to establish their new results as their own, so nobody else can claim them later on.)
- Book (On scientific conferences speakers present their latest work to discuss with other scientist and ask for comments. They also want to establish their new results as their own, so nobody else can claim them later on.)
- Encyclopedia (On scientific conferences speakers present their latest work to discuss with other scientist and ask for comments. They also want to establish their new results as their own, so nobody else can claim them later on.)
- Patent (On scientific conferences speakers present their latest work to discuss with other scientist and ask for comments. They also want to establish their new results as their own, so nobody else can claim them later on.)
A: Conference proceeding

Q: Question 1

Business Source Elite

Database for searching literature in the field of business administration and economics. The database covers over 5000 journals, more than half peer-reviewed. Besides > 10,000 substantial company profiles with SWOT analyses are included as well. Coverage from 1985 to date. Updated daily.

How many results on Climate change do you expect to find in Business Source Elite?
- >10.000 (That's right! Estimating the amount of results is difficult, but as you get more experienced with it, your estimates will become better. The correct answer is >10.000. Business Source Elite is a database for searching literature in the field of Business administration and Economics. Climate changehas numerous consequences within both fields. An example of an article title you can find searching for Climate Change in this database is ‘Behaviour and climate change: Consumer perceptions of responsibility’.)
- 0 (Estimating the amount of results is difficult, but as you get more experienced with it, your estimates will become better. The correct answer is >10.000. Business Source Elite is a database for searching literature in the field of Business administration and Economics. Climate changehas numerous consequences within both fields. An example of an article title you can find searching for Climate Change in this database is ‘Behaviour and climate change: Consumer perceptions of responsibility’.)
- 1-100 (Estimating the amount of results is difficult, but as you get more experienced with it, your estimates will become better. The correct answer is >10.000. Business Source Elite is a database for searching literature in the field of Business administration and Economics. Climate changehas numerous consequences within both fields. An example of an article title you can find searching for Climate Change in this database is ‘Behaviour and climate change: Consumer perceptions of responsibility’.)
- 100-1000 (Estimating the amount of results is difficult, but as you get more experienced with it, your estimates will become better. The correct answer is >10.000. Business Source Elite is a database for searching literature in the field of Business administration and Economics. Climate changehas numerous consequences within both fields. An example of an article title you can find searching for Climate Change in this database is ‘Behaviour and climate change: Consumer perceptions of responsibility’.)
- 1000-10000 (Estimating the amount of results is difficult, but as you get more experienced with it, your estimates will become better. The correct answer is >10.000. Business Source Elite is a database for searching literature in the field of Business administration and Economics. Climate changehas numerous consequences within both fields. An example of an article title you can find searching for Climate Change in this database is ‘Behaviour and climate change: Consumer perceptions of responsibility’.)
A: >10.000

Q: Question 2

ERIC (Education Resources Information Center)

Database for searching publications in education related fields. It covers over 1,000 educational and education-related journals from 1966 to date.

How many results on Climate change do you expect to find in ERIC?
- 1.000-10.000 (That's right! The correct answer is 1.000-10.000 There is a lot of research on education on climate change. A title example in this field is ‘Challenges and Possibilities in Climate Change Education’.)
- 0 (The correct answer is 1.000-10.000 There is a lot of research on education on climate change. A title example in this field is ‘Challenges and Possibilities in Climate Change Education’.)
- 1-100 (The correct answer is 1.000-10.000 There is a lot of research on education on climate change. A title example in this field is ‘Challenges and Possibilities in Climate Change Education’.)
- 100-1000 (The correct answer is 1.000-10.000 There is a lot of research on education on climate change. A title example in this field is ‘Challenges and Possibilities in Climate Change Education’.)
- >10000 (The correct answer is 1.000-10.000 There is a lot of research on education on climate change. A title example in this field is ‘Challenges and Possibilities in Climate Change Education’.)
A: 1.000-10.000

Q: Question 3

MathSciNet

Database for searching scientific literature and reviews in the field of Mathematics. Updated daily. Coverage from 1940 to date.

How many results on Climate change do you expect to find in MathSciNet?
- 100-1000 (That's right! The correct answer is 100-1.000 There is some research on Climate change within Mathematics (e.g. modelling), but mathematics is a small research field. A title example in this field is ‘Climate change and optimal energy technology R&D policy’.)
- 0 (The correct answer is 100-1.000 There is some research on Climate change within Mathematics (e.g. modelling), but mathematics is a small research field. A title example in this field is ‘Climate change and optimal energy technology R&D policy’.)
- 1-100 (The correct answer is 100-1.000 There is some research on Climate change within Mathematics (e.g. modelling), but mathematics is a small research field. A title example in this field is ‘Climate change and optimal energy technology R&D policy’.)
- 100-10000 (The correct answer is 100-1.000 There is some research on Climate change within Mathematics (e.g. modelling), but mathematics is a small research field. A title example in this field is ‘Climate change and optimal energy technology R&D policy’.)
- >10000 (The correct answer is 100-1.000 There is some research on Climate change within Mathematics (e.g. modelling), but mathematics is a small research field. A title example in this field is ‘Climate change and optimal energy technology R&D policy’.)
A: 100-1000

Q: Question 4

Geobase

Database for searching literature on the earth sciences. It covers over 2000 journals as well as some conference proceedings and books series from 1974 to date.

How many results on Climate change do you expect to find in Geobase?
- >10000 (That's right! The correct answer is >10.000 Climate change has enormous effects on research in geoscience. A title example in this field is ‘Seed banking of endangered plants: Are we conserving the right species to address climate change?’.)
- 0 (The correct answer is >10.000 Climate change has enormous effects on research in geoscience. A title example in this field is ‘Seed banking of endangered plants: Are we conserving the right species to address climate change?’.)
- 1-100 (The correct answer is >10.000 Climate change has enormous effects on research in geoscience. A title example in this field is ‘Seed banking of endangered plants: Are we conserving the right species to address climate change?’.)
- 100-1000 (The correct answer is >10.000 Climate change has enormous effects on research in geoscience. A title example in this field is ‘Seed banking of endangered plants: Are we conserving the right species to address climate change?’.)
- 1000-10000 (The correct answer is >10.000 Climate change has enormous effects on research in geoscience. A title example in this field is ‘Seed banking of endangered plants: Are we conserving the right species to address climate change?’.)
A: >10000

Q: Question 5

Medline

Database for searching articles in the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care system, and the preclinical sciences. Covers trials, clinical and preclinical studies. Contains articles from over 4,000 biomedical journals. From 1950 to date.

How many results on Climate change do you expect to find in Medline?
- >10000 (That's right! The correct answer is >10.000 Maybe you did not expect so many results in Medical Literature? The research in Medical Sciences is very extensive. Medline contains articles from over 4,000 biomedical journals from 1950 to date. A title example in this field is ‘Mapping Climate Change Vulnerabilities to Infectious Diseases in Europe.’)
- 0 (The correct answer is >10.000 Maybe you did not expect so many results in Medical Literature? The research in Medical Sciences is very extensive. Medline contains articles from over 4,000 biomedical journals from 1950 to date. A title example in this field is ‘Mapping Climate Change Vulnerabilities to Infectious Diseases in Europe.’)
- 1-100 (The correct answer is >10.000 Maybe you did not expect so many results in Medical Literature? The research in Medical Sciences is very extensive. Medline contains articles from over 4,000 biomedical journals from 1950 to date. A title example in this field is ‘Mapping Climate Change Vulnerabilities to Infectious Diseases in Europe.’)
- 100-1000 (The correct answer is >10.000 Maybe you did not expect so many results in Medical Literature? The research in Medical Sciences is very extensive. Medline contains articles from over 4,000 biomedical journals from 1950 to date. A title example in this field is ‘Mapping Climate Change Vulnerabilities to Infectious Diseases in Europe.’)
- 1000-10000 (The correct answer is >10.000 Maybe you did not expect so many results in Medical Literature? The research in Medical Sciences is very extensive. Medline contains articles from over 4,000 biomedical journals from 1950 to date. A title example in this field is ‘Mapping Climate Change Vulnerabilities to Infectious Diseases in Europe.’)
A: >10000

Question 1

Make a search string for your own subject with at least 3 search terms and type this in the search box of Google Scholar.
Note how many results Google Scholar has found.
Have a good look at the first 2 result pages. You’ll see another type of results than in the normal Google, as Google Scholar shows scientific books and articles.

What is the publication date of most results on the first page?

[Image: age]

Question 2

The following screen recording will show you something about refining your search results. Refining means reducing the number of results. In this example “tribology” is used as search string. At the end of the recording there will be a question.

Are there other ways of refining your search results?

{Is deze recording nog ergens terug te vinden? Anders vraag veranderen.}

Question 3

Go to ScopusLinks to an external site.. Do the same search as you did in Google Scholar. Note how many results Scopus found.

Are there more of less results than Google Scholar?

Question 3

Have a look at the first 2 pages of results in Scopus and you’ll see that Scopus orders the results on publication year by default.

On the left-hand side of the results pages you will see the impressive 10 refining options. For example the first one is ‘YEAR’: you see how many results in your set are from a specific year. If you want to select several years, click on those boxes and choose “LIMIT TO”. If you want to exclude any years, click on that boxes and choose “EXCLUDE”.
You will get a new set of results, as well as the 10 refine options again. If you want to limit your number of results, most often used are Subject Area, Source Title, Keyword, Source Type and Language.

For your search: Select the most appropriate Subject Area(s), followed by the most appropriate Source Title(s) and so on, until you have the best set of results for your question.

Q: Question 1

In which case(s) are these full-text databases useful?

Multiple answers possible.
- If you got too many results and want to refine, with more demands (That's Right! These databases are useful when you do not get enough results from other databases, or are only interested in a detail (i.e. a specific formula). When you search in the full text, you find more results than only searching in abstracts and titles, but the extra results are usually less specific. The chance on a relevant result for you is higher when your search terms appear in the title or abstract. If you’ve got too many results or too much ‘noise’, searching in extra text is not effective. This does not solve your problem at all: you only get more results that are likely less specific. In those cases you can refine your search by adding extra search terms or using the refine options of the database.)
- If you got too much ‘noise’: bad results, far away from your search statement (That's incorrect. These databases are useful when you do not get enough results from other databases, or are only interested in a detail (i.e. a specific formula). When you search in the full text, you find more results than only searching in abstracts and titles, but the extra results are usually less specific. The chance on a relevant result for you is higher when your search terms appear in the title or abstract. If you’ve got too many results or too much ‘noise’, searching in extra text is not effective. This does not solve your problem at all: you only get more results that are likely less specific. In those cases you can refine your search by adding extra search terms or using the refine options of the database.)
- If you got too many results and want to refine, with more demands (That's incorrect. These databases are useful when you do not get enough results from other databases, or are only interested in a detail (i.e. a specific formula). When you search in the full text, you find more results than only searching in abstracts and titles, but the extra results are usually less specific. The chance on a relevant result for you is higher when your search terms appear in the title or abstract. If you’ve got too many results or too much ‘noise’, searching in extra text is not effective. This does not solve your problem at all: you only get more results that are likely less specific. In those cases you can refine your search by adding extra search terms or using the refine options of the database.)
A: If you got too many results and want to refine, with more demands

Q: Question 1

Make a search string for your own subject with at least 3 search terms and type this in the search box of Google Scholar.
Note how many results Google Scholar has found.
Have a good look at the first 2 result pages. You’ll see another type of results than in the normal Google, as Google Scholar shows scientific books and articles.

What is the publication date of most results on the first page?

[Image: age]
- More recent than 1 year ago (By default Google Scholar places old material or material by famous authors on the first pages because that is cited more often than other literature. The ranking system is very sensitive to citation because it is a quality measure for scientific information. However, more recent publications or young authors (less cited) might offer better information for your purpose than older ones, depending on your search question. You don’t see those results in Google Scholar, because the ranking system suppresses them. Search tip: if you want to see more recent publications you can use the Since… links in the lefthand menu)
- Between 1 and 2 years ago (By default Google Scholar places old material or material by famous authors on the first pages because that is cited more often than other literature. The ranking system is very sensitive to citation because it is a quality measure for scientific information. However, more recent publications or young authors (less cited) might offer better information for your purpose than older ones, depending on your search question. You don’t see those results in Google Scholar, because the ranking system suppresses them. Search tip: if you want to see more recent publications you can use the Since… links in the lefthand menu)
- Between 2 and 5 years ago (By default Google Scholar places old material or material by famous authors on the first pages because that is cited more often than other literature. The ranking system is very sensitive to citation because it is a quality measure for scientific information. However, more recent publications or young authors (less cited) might offer better information for your purpose than older ones, depending on your search question. You don’t see those results in Google Scholar, because the ranking system suppresses them. Search tip: if you want to see more recent publications you can use the Since… links in the lefthand menu)
- Between 5 and 10 years ago (By default Google Scholar places old material or material by famous authors on the first pages because that is cited more often than other literature. The ranking system is very sensitive to citation because it is a quality measure for scientific information. However, more recent publications or young authors (less cited) might offer better information for your purpose than older ones, depending on your search question. You don’t see those results in Google Scholar, because the ranking system suppresses them. Search tip: if you want to see more recent publications you can use the Since… links in the lefthand menu)
- More than 10 years ago (By default Google Scholar places old material or material by famous authors on the first pages because that is cited more often than other literature. The ranking system is very sensitive to citation because it is a quality measure for scientific information. However, more recent publications or young authors (less cited) might offer better information for your purpose than older ones, depending on your search question. You don’t see those results in Google Scholar, because the ranking system suppresses them. Search tip: if you want to see more recent publications you can use the Since… links in the lefthand menu)
A: More recent than 1 year ago

Q: Question 2

The following screen recording will show you something about refining your search results. Refining means reducing the number of results. In this example “tribology” is used as search string. At the end of the recording there will be a question.

Are there other ways of refining your search results?

{Is deze recording nog ergens terug te vinden? Anders vraag veranderen.}
- Yes (On the left side of the result pages you saw the option “sort by date” in order to rank the results from new to old. On the same side of the pages you see other refining options: “include patents” and “include citations”)
- No (On the left side of the result pages you saw the option “sort by date” in order to rank the results from new to old. On the same side of the pages you see other refining options: “include patents” and “include citations”)
A: Yes

Q: Question 3

Go to Scopus. Do the same search as you did in Google Scholar. Note how many results Scopus found.

Are there more of less results than Google Scholar?
- More (Google Scholar probably found more results than Scopus. That is because Google searches in the available full text of e-books and articles, and Scopus only searches for text in the title, abstract and key wordsby default. Ask yourself how useful results are where the search terms only appear in the body of the text and not in the title or the abstract?)
- Less (Google Scholar probably found more results than Scopus. That is because Google searches in the available full text of e-books and articles, and Scopus only searches for text in the title, abstract and key wordsby default. Ask yourself how useful results are where the search terms only appear in the body of the text and not in the title or the abstract?)
A: More

Question 4

Have a look at the first 2 pages of results in Scopus and you’ll see that Scopus orders the results on publication year by default.

On the left-hand side of the results pages you will see the impressive 10 refining options. For example the first one is ‘YEAR’: you see how many results in your set are from a specific year. If you want to select several years, click on those boxes and choose “LIMIT TO”. If you want to exclude any years, click on that boxes and choose “EXCLUDE”.
You will get a new set of results, as well as the 10 refine options again. If you want to limit your number of results, most often used are Subject Area, Source Title, Keyword, Source Type and Language.

For your search: Select the most appropriate Subject Area(s), followed by the most appropriate Source Title(s) and so on, until you have the best set of results for your question.
Feedback: This "question" will not be scored, but can be useful for introducing a set of related questions.

Question 2

Make a search string for your own research with at least 3 search terms. Perform your search in:

- Scopus (abstract database with worldwide article descriptions):
do a text search in FIELD: article title/abstract/keywords, sort on Date.
- Science Direct (full text content of publisher Elsevier):
do a full text search: ALL FIELDS , sort on Date.

Check the number of results and have a good look at the titles on the first page of results:

1. Are they relevant for your search question?
2. How about when you sort on Relevance in both systems?

Draw your own CONCLUSION:

The amount of results is higher in Scopus/Science Direct, because……….
The relevance for my own research is better in Scopus/Science Direct, because ……….

Is your conclusion corresponding with our earlier feedback?
“When you search in the full text, you find more results than when you’re only searching abstracts and titles, but the extra results are less specific.”
Feedback: This "question" will not be scored, but can be useful for introducing a set of related questions.

Q: Question 1

Search terms

Select the best combination of search terms for the following research question:

"Which measures are being currently applied to combat the decrease of the natural environment in our country?"
- Environmental protection, Netherlands (That's right! You need to select terms that reflect the essence of the research question, the terms that will occur in the title, the descriptors or the abstract of a useful publication. | Answer 1 Toggle editing answer text as HTML)
- new measures, environment (You want to know about the measures in our country specific, not somewhere else.)
- decrease, nature, Netherlands (The word 'nature' is not specific enough.)
- legislation, environment, Netherlads ('Legislation' is too narrow. It does not cover all aspects of the term 'measures'.)
A: Environmental protection, Netherlands

Q: Question 2

Determining the number of aspects

Suppose you're searching for "consequences of dangerous weather for highway users". You've been given a database of English newspaper articles.

How many aspects are present here?
A: 2
Feedback ("2"): The aspects are: - dangerous weather - highway users The aspect 'consequences of' is best not used in the search sentence as this is most likely already in the results, though not explicitly noted. (E.g. "Higher insurance costs for cars after foggy fall".)

Q: Question 3

Defining Search terms per aspect

Say you're searching for "consequences of dangerous weather for highway users". You've been given a database of English newspaper articles.

You have thought of 4 appropriate search terms for the first aspect 'dangerous weather'.

Which boolean operator do you use to connect those 4 search terms?
- OR (That's right! Possible search terms for this aspect are: ("dangerous weather" OR fog OR blizzard OR storm OR ...) Think of usefull search terms to use in the search profile for your own research question. Pay attention to: - synonyms - singular/plurar terms - verbal forms - adjectives - English/American spelling - broader/narrower terms)
- AND (The correct answer is: OR Possible search terms for this aspect are: ("dangerous weather" OR fog OR blizzard OR storm OR ...) Think of usefull search terms to use in the search profile for your own research question. Pay attention to: - synonyms - singular/plurar terms - verbal forms - adjectives - English/American spelling - broader/narrower terms)
A: OR

Q: Question 4

Defining your search profile

The second aspect 'highway users' could be described with the search terms (car OR automobile OR motorcycle OR lorry OR ...).

Which Boolean operator is used to connect the two aspects if you want both to appear in the publications you find?
- AND (That's right!)
- OR (The correct answer is AND.)
A: AND

Question 5

Truncation

The search sentence could be written, in a somewhat limited form, as:

(fog OR rain OR slippery)

AND

(car OR driver OR truck OR motorcycle OR bike)

Assignment: The plural forms and words like 'foggy' or 'slipperiness' have not been noted yet. This leads to a lot of lost results.

Create the new search sentence by using truncation. Use a * at the end of a word. Please note that the exact place of * does matter! For instance slippery* does not include slipperiness!

Try to put as many useful truncations as possible in the search sentence.

Fill in, use the order described above.

[[fog*]] OR [[rain*]] OR [[slipper*]]

AND

[[car*]] OR [[driver*]] OR [[motorcycle*]] OR [[truck*]] OR [[bike*]]

Q: Question 5

Truncation

The search sentence could be written, in a somewhat limited form, as:

(fog OR rain OR slippery)

AND

(car OR driver OR truck OR motorcycle OR bike)

Assignment: The plural forms and words like 'foggy' or 'slipperiness' have not been noted yet. This leads to a lot of lost results.

Create the new search sentence by using truncation. Use a * at the end of a word. Please note that the exact place of * does matter! For instance slippery* does not include slipperiness!

Try to put as many useful truncations as possible in the search sentence.

Fill in, use the order described above.

[...] OR [...] OR [...]

AND

[...] OR [...] OR [...] OR [...] OR [...]
Also offered: foggy*; bikes*; cars*; raining*; drive*; slippery*; trucks*; motorcycle*
A: fog*; rain*; slipper*; car*; driver*; motorcycl*; truck*; bike*

Q: Question 6

Non-optimal results

The downside to automated searching in general and truncating in particular is that often results are given that have little or nothing to do with the search question. Also there is the possibility that good results in the database, will not be found.

To illustrate this we'll give serveral examples regarding to the search question from the last assignment (consequences of dangerous weather for highway users):

Search sentence: (fog* OR rain* OR slipper*) AND (car* OR driver* OR truck* OR motorcycl* OR bike*)

Assignment: Tell whether or not the title (from newspapers) fit the search sentence's criteria.

In other words, does the title contain one of the words (fog* OR rain* OR slipper*) in combination with (car* OR driver* OR truck* OR motorcycl* OR bike*)?

Does these titles match the search sentence's criteria?

'Yearly inspection shows: 1.3% of all cars have slippery tires' [title1]

'Many lorries involved at pile-up during fog in highway' [title2]

'Sand dust after rainless period causes much trouble to cara patiens' [title3]
- title 1 | yes
- title 2 | no
- title 3 | no
Feedback: title 1 --> yes: This bad hit will show up since it matches the criteria for 'car*' and 'slipper*'. This is called 'noise'! title 2 -->no: This hit only matches the criteria for 'fog*', but not for any of criteria in the second group. title 3 --> no: This hit only matches the criteria for 'rain*', but nog for any of criteria in the second group.

Q: Question 7

Boolean operators

You want to translate the following question into a proper search question:

"How is radioactive waste processed in North America?"

How is the aspect North America (=USA + Canada) best translated to search terms?

Look at 'North Amerca' and 'United States' as a single word. Select 1 of the following possibilities.
- USA OR 'United States' OR Canada OR Canadian OR 'North America' OR 'North American' (Now you get results in which one of both countries or 'North America' or one of the adjectives occur. This is what you want.)
- (USA OR 'United States') AND (Canada OR Canadian) AND 'North America' (You're asking for results in which 'North America(n)' AND both countries MUST occur. This is not exactly what you want. Information about the seperate countries is welcome also.)
- ((USA OR 'United States') AND (Canada OR Canadian)) OR ('North America' OR 'North American') (You're asking for results in which 'North America(n)' OR both countries MUST occur. This is not exactly what you want. Information about the seperate countries is welcome also.)
- US OR USA OR 'United States' OR Canada OR Canadian (The term 'North America(n)' is also possible in this case.)
A: USA OR 'United States' OR Canada OR Canadian OR 'North America' OR 'North American'

Q: Question 8

Boolean operators

To relieve Schiphol airport, several plans have been made in the past few years. The two most important ones are the construction of an airport in the North Sea and expanding the already existing airport in Flevoland.

Say you're searching for: Consequences of new airports in the North Sea and in Flevoland for Schiphol Airport.

Which search question demonstrates good use of Boolean terms (AND, OR, NOT) to get as many relevant results as possible?
- Schiphol AND ('North Sea' OR Flevoland) (That's right! This will yield results containing Schiphol and North Sea or Flevoland, or both. Furthermore it's indeed better to not include words such as 'consequences' (effect, cause, relation, method, ...).)
- consequences OR Schiphol OR 'North Sea' OR Flevoland (By only using the OR operator, only a single term has to show up in each search result. Furthermore it's better to not include words such as 'consequences' (effect, cause, relation, method, ...).)
- Schiphol AND 'North Sea' OR Flevoland (First the search engine will look for results using 'Schiphol and North Sea', but after that it will search for results with only Flevoland, even without Schiphol.)
- consequences AND Schiphol AND 'North Sea' AND Flevoland (By only using the AND operator, all the terms have to show up in a single search result. Furthermore it's better to not include words such as 'consequences' (effect, cause, relation, method, ...).)
- Schiphol AND ('North Sea' OR Flevoland) NOT consequences (The first part of the search sentence is correct. Even though it's better to not include words such as 'consequences' (effect, cause, relation, method, ...), removing them from the search sentence with 'NOT' will cause you to miss possible good results.)
A: Schiphol AND ('North Sea' OR Flevoland)

Q: Question 9

Complex search sentence recipe

In your house you've got macaroni and spaghetti. You've also bought minced meat and tomatoes, which you'd like to use today.

Furthermore your allergic to paprika. You start searching in a recipe databse.

Which search sentence shows good use of Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) to get as many relevant results as possible?
- (macaroni OR spaghetti) AND 'minced meat' AND tomatoes NOT paprika (Recipes containing macaroni or spaghetti, combined with minced meat and tomatoes, are shown. Finally, all recipes containing paprika are excluded.)
- (macaroni OR spaghetti) AND ('minced meat' OR tomatoes) (First the search engine will search for recipes containing 'macaroni or spaghetti', which is correct. However, from these results only the recipes containing 'minced meat or tomatoes' are selected, which is unintended. You want to use both minced meat and tomatoes, so they should both be in a result. Finally, all recipes containing paprika are not excluded, this is incorrect.)
- (macaroni OR spaghetti) OR ('minced meat' OR tomatoes) NOT paprika (First the search engine will search for recipes containing 'macaroni or spaghetti', which is correct. However, afterwards all recipes containing 'minced meat or tomatoes' are added. This also includes recipes without macaroni or spaghetti, which is unintended. Finally, all recipes containing paprika are excluded, this is correct.)
- macaroni AND spaghetti AND 'minced meat' AND tomatoes NOT paprika (Only recipes containing all the search words (except for paprika) are found this way. So macaroni and spaghetti must both show up, which is unintended. Either 1 of them will suffice. Finally, all recipes containing paprika are excluded, this is correct.)
- 'minced meat' AND tomatoes AND macaroni OR spaghetti NOT paprika (First the search engine looks for results using 'minced meat' and tomatoes and macaroni. Afterwards all the other results (using OR) containing the word 'spaghetti' show up. Even without minced meat and tomatoes.)
A: (macaroni OR spaghetti) AND 'minced meat' AND tomatoes NOT paprika

Q: Question 1

Evaluating your results 1/2

In the context of the case study about the 'airport in the sea' you found the following article:

Yoshida, K. et al. Structural planning of a middle size floating airport. In: Nihon Zosen Gakkai Ronbushu / Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan 178 (1995) p. 495-504. (language Japanese)

View the abstract of the article and give your opinion about it being useful to the problem in the case study.

'The demand for construction of large airports is nowadays getting stronger with the increase of air-transportation. In this paper, the process and the result of structural planning of a floating airport for open sea are reported. Many parameters related to the configuration of the floating structure were determined by comparison of the results analyzed by using static and dynamic computer programs with the proper design criteria.'

What is your opinion about this article?
- Useless (The demand for construction of large airports is nowadays getting stronger with the increase of air-transportation. In this paper, the process and the result of structural planning of a floating airport for open sea are reported. Many parameters related to the configuration of the floating structure were determined by comparison of the results analyzed by using static and dynamic computer programs with the proper design criteria.)
- Useful (The demand for construction of large airports is nowadays getting stronger with the increase of air-transportation. In this paper, the process and the result of structural planning of a floating airport for open sea are reported. Many parameters related to the configuration of the floating structure were determined by comparison of the results analyzed by using static and dynamic computer programs with the proper design criteria.)
- Hesitant (The demand for construction of large airports is nowadays getting stronger with the increase of air-transportation. In this paper, the process and the result of structural planning of a floating airport for open sea are reported. Many parameters related to the configuration of the floating structure were determined by comparison of the results analyzed by using static and dynamic computer programs with the proper design criteria.)
A: Useless

Q: Question 2

Evaluating your results 2/2

In the context of the case study about the 'airport in the sea' you found the following article:

Tohma, T. and Yamamoto, S. Construction of the Kansai International Airport. In: Civil engineering in Japan 29 (1990) 2, p. 28-44.

View the abstract of the article below and give your opinion about it being useful to the problem in the case study.

'Many people, both in and outside of Japan, have long been looking forward to a 24-hour-a-day operational international airport in Japan. The past ten years have seen a dramatic growth in passenger and cargo air transport. This paper describes the outline of the Kansai International Airport, especially the planning and the construction of the airport island.'

What's your opinion about this article?
- Useful (This article is questionable. The subject seems to be in order, however the chance of the information being outdated is fairly big. The article appeared in 1990. In practice this can only be ascertained when the complete article is available to you. You can then check if the general scientific quality of an article is sufficient. The next exercise delves further into evaluation criteria concerning the quality of the information and the goal to which the information is to be used for.)
- Useless (This article is questionable. The subject seems to be in order, however the chance of the information being outdated is fairly big. The article appeared in 1990. In practice this can only be ascertained when the complete article is available to you. You can then check if the general scientific quality of an article is sufficient. The next exercise delves further into evaluation criteria concerning the quality of the information and the goal to which the information is to be used for.)
- Hesitant (This article is questionable. The subject seems to be in order, however the chance of the information being outdated is fairly big. The article appeared in 1990. In practice this can only be ascertained when the complete article is available to you. You can then check if the general scientific quality of an article is sufficient. The next exercise delves further into evaluation criteria concerning the quality of the information and the goal to which the information is to be used for.)
A: Hesitant

Q: Question 3

Modifying a search 1/2

Review articles are articles that give an overview of the available literature on a specific subject. They can help you when you are exploring a new subject.
When searching for “smart technology” on scopus.com you get a lot of hits. You want to only check out review articles. You have checked the box for review articles on the left.

Which button should you click on?

[Image: Scopus]
- Limit to (By clicking Limit to you will only see the review articles in this case. You can also use Exclude to reduce the number of hits; then you will exclude the document types, keywords, years etc you have marked.)
- Exclude (By clicking Limit to you will only see the review articles in this case. You can also use Exclude to reduce the number of hits; then you will exclude the document types, keywords, years etc you have marked.)
A: Limit to

Q: Question 1

You only saw the beautiful images of your holiday hotel on their website and not the train that is passing by every 5 minutes.
- obvious ‘filter bubble’ (It is understandable that the hotel website will not mention large disadvantages, but you can easily search for them on internet blogs and the like.)
- debatable (It is understandable that the hotel website will not mention large disadvantages, but you can easily search for them on internet blogs and the like.)
- not a ‘filter bubble’ (Debatable. It is understandable that the hotel website will not mention large disadvantages, but you can easily search for them on internet blogs and the like.)
A: debatable

Q: Question 2

You only select ‘review articles’ in your academic search.
- obvious ‘filter bubble’ (This is not a 'filter bubble'. You can see the other results as well, but you choose only to see review articles.)
- debatable (This is not a 'filter bubble'. You can see the other results as well, but you choose only to see review articles.)
- not a ‘filter bubble’ (You can see the other results as well, but you choose only to see review articles.)
A: not a ‘filter bubble’

Q: Question 3

China forces search engines not to show critical content about the Communist Party.
- obvious ‘filter bubble’ (Chinese people do not see other content than positive about the Party.)
- debatable (Chinese people do not see other content than positive about the Party. That's why this definitely is a 'filter bubble'.)
- not a ‘filter bubble’ (Chinese people do not see other content than positive about the Party. That's why this definitely is a 'filter bubble'.)
A: obvious ‘filter bubble’

Q: Question 1

Google (Scholar) is much easier to use than all that Library database stuff.

[Image: google]
- True (It is true! But what kind of results do you get?? Google (Scholar) finds a whole lot of results and it ranks the results with a diffuse ranking system. So it does the thinking for you. However, later on you will learn about the large disadvantages of 'system thinking'. In library databases you must refine your search yourself when you get too many results. But the refine action is easy and well-organized, so you can find the best results.)
- False (Google (Scholar) finds a whole lot of results and it ranks the results with a diffuse ranking system. So it does the thinking for you. However, later on you will learn about the large disadvantages of 'system thinking'. In library databases you must refine your search yourself when you get too many results. But the refine action is easy and well-organized, so you can find the best results.)
A: True

Take a moment to think about how it is possible that a search engine like Google can search the whole internet within a split second.

[Image: fast]

Hopefully you already know that search engines do not search the whole internet!

How much do they open up? See more on that later on in this section.

In this short video you will get to know how Google can give you the search results very quickly:

Q: Question 2

Bing has a search box similar to Google.
Make a search string for your own subject with at least 3 terms and type this in the search box of Bing.
Take notes on the results on the first two pages.
Do exactly the same in Google. You’ll see substantial differences in the first 2 pages!

Why do the results of Bing and Google differ? Multiple answers possible.
- The ranking mechanism for the results of search engines is different (That's right!)
- They all use the same ranking mechanism but personalization causes differences (The correct answers are: “Even large search engines only search in a small part of the internet (max 40%)” and “The ranking mechanism for the results of search engines is different”.)
- Large search engines search about 70 % of the internet, the other 30% causes differences (The correct answers are: “Even large search engines only search in a small part of the internet (max 40%)” and “The ranking mechanism for the results of search engines is different”.)
- Even large search engines only search in a small part of the internet (max 40%) (That's right!)
A: The ranking mechanism for the results of search engines is different; Even large search engines only search in a small part of the internet (max 40%)

Question 1

Quality of information 1/2

Watch the following video about evaluating websites

Now have a good look at this website.

Explain why this information is ‘crap’

Feedback on exercise 1/2

The Pacific Northwest tree octopus is an Internet hoax created in 1998 by Lyle Zapato. Despite the falsehoods shown on the site, such as the inclusion of other hoax organizations (mixed with links to real organizations), all 25 seventh-grade students involved in one well-publicized test believed the content! The site looks nice, without spelling and grammar errors and links do work.

The main objection against this information is the lack of accuracy:
• The information is not supported by evidence
• The information was not reviewed or refereed
• It is not possible to verify any of the information in another source

More examples of hoax websites

- Dihydrogen Monoxide
- Free online pregnancy test
- Rennets
- Furnetics
- De Speld (Dutch)

Quality of information 2/2

The CRAAP test is a general evaluation tool for information (websites, books, scientific articles, ………. ). CRAAP stands for Curency, Reliability, Authority, Accuracy and Purpose.

The video below explains how to use the CRAAP test.

Assignment: Evaluate a website, book or article for your own research with the CRAAP test

Q: Question 1

Which of these 3 types of criteria is least decisive.
- Criteria about the familiarity of the author (The correct answer is criteria bout the familiarity of the author. A famous scientist could also be wrong occasionally. A starting, unknown researcher could write a brilliant article.)
- Criteria based on the general content (The correct answer is criteria bout the familiarity of the author. A famous scientist could also be wrong occasionally. A starting, unknown researcher could write a brilliant article.)
- Use-oriented criteria (The correct answer is criteria bout the familiarity of the author. A famous scientist could also be wrong occasionally. A starting, unknown researcher could write a brilliant article.)
A: Criteria about the familiarity of the author

Q: Question 2

When an author has falsified his research data in such a way that that it supports his hypothesis, which type of criteria is not met?
- Criteria based on the general content (The correct answer is criteria based on the general content. One of the criteria there is: "based on decent empirical research")
- Use-oriented criteria (The correct answer is criteria based on the general content. One of the criteria there is: "based on decent empirical research")
- Criteria about the familiarity of the author (The correct answer is criteria based on the general content. One of the criteria there is: "based on decent empirical research")
A: Criteria based on the general content

Q: Question 3

When an author has committed plagiarism (using texts written by others and making it seem like he had written this himself), which type of criteria is not met?
- Criteria based on the general content (The correct answer is criteria based on the general content. One of the criteria there is: "based on decent literature study with adequate source references".)
- Criteria about the familiarity of the author (The correct answer is criteria based on the general content. One of the criteria there is: "based on decent literature study with adequate source references".)
- Use-oriented criteria (The correct answer is criteria based on the general content. One of the criteria there is: "based on decent literature study with adequate source references".)
A: Criteria based on the general content

Q: Question 1

Compare the first piece of the first part from the column with the edited piece next to it.

Original column Part of column by Charles Groenhuizen for Edusite (2004) | Edit
It's a plague. A market niche. Teachers are highly frustrated. Students are getting guilt complexes, and high grades too! But it will never fade. American students are copying work and theses by the dozen. In the Netherlands a slight arousal has formed about students troubling the copy-paste-test in a deceptive manner. But here in the US things are much worse. .... It really is a Big Business. | It's a plague, but also a market niche. While teachers are frustrated, students are getting high grades. But it will never fade again. Students in America are copying works by the dozen. In our country a slight arousal has formed about students using the copy-paste-test in a deceptive manner. But here in the USA things are much worse. A lot of money is being made off of it.

Is it okay for the edited piece to be used in a thesis without using a source reference?
- Yes (Without a source reference this is not allowed, as the text is clearly derived from Groenhuijsen's work. Plagiarism! Even with a reference this is almost an exact copy from the original. You should try to put the things you learned in your own words.)
- No (Without a source reference this is not allowed, as the text is clearly derived from Groenhuijsen's work. Plagiarism! Even with a reference this is almost an exact copy from the original. You should try to put the things you learned in your own words.)
A: No

Q: Question 2

Compare the first piece of the first part from the column with the edited piece next to it.

Original column Part of column by Charles Groenhuizen for Edusite (2004) | Edit
America also has a terrible tendency to hire a lawyer and start a trial for every single inconvenience in life to. Universities also fear this. Conclusive evidence is necessary, before punishing a student. Before you know it, the student is in the defendant's bench instead of the university. ... Oh, and for the one sucker that díd mess up in Boston. He copied work from his own professor. | Groenhuijsen (2004) continues: "America also has a terrible tendency to hire a lawyer and start a trial for every single inconvenience in life to. Universities also fear this. Conclusive evidence is necessary, before punishing a student. Before you know it, the student is in the defendant's bench instead of the university." This reason also leads to the fact that violators usually aren't punished, even when they're caught. Apart from that one sucker in Boston of course. He copied work from his own professor.

Is it okay for the edited piece to be used in a thesis without using a source reference?
- Yes (The quote at the start is noted properly by using the name, year and quotes. But the text does not show clearly that the last sentence is also from Groenhuijsen's column. So this is also plagiarism!)
- No (The quote at the start is noted properly by using the name, year and quotes. But the text does not show clearly that the last sentence is also from Groenhuijsen's column. So this is also plagiarism!)
A: No

Q: Statement 1

You are allowed to copy a piece of text in which you have made some minor changes, without making a source reference.
- True (This is incorrect. You would be using another person's idea without making it explicit.)
- False (That's right! You would be using another person's idea without making it explicit.)
A: False

Q: Statement 2

You are allowed to copy a piece of text in which you have changed all sentences a little, without making a source reference.
- True (This is incorrect. You would be using another person's idea without making it explicit.)
- False (That's right! You would be using another person's idea without making it explicit.)
A: False

Q: Statement 3

You are allowed to copy an idea which you have completely put in your own words, without making a source reference.
- True (This is incorrect. You would be using another person's idea without making it explicit.)
- False (That's right! You would be using another person's idea without making it explicit.)
A: False

Q: Statement 4

You are allowed to copy an image from a large company for your own website without asking for the owner's permission, provided that you have given a proper source reference.
- True (This is incorrect. Even with a proper source reference you're not allowed to copy a full image as this violates the rules of Dutch copyright. N.B. For study purposes, it is allowed to use an image in a report without permission but with a proper source reference, provided that the image is used as a content addition to the report and not just for decoration.)
- False (That's right! Even with a proper source reference you're not allowed to copy a full image as this violates the rules of Dutch copyright. N.B. For study purposes, it is allowed to use an image in a report without permission but with a proper source reference, provided that the image is used as a content addition to the report and not just for decoration.)
A: False

Q: Statement 5

You are allowed to copy a complete poem by Vondel, with a proper source reference and without asking for the owner's permission.
- True (That's right! 70 Years after the death of the author/creator the copyright will expire, so asking permission is no longer necessary. The source reference must be clearly stated though.)
- False (70 Years after the death of the author/creator the copyright will expire, so asking permission is no longer necessary. The source reference must be clearly stated though.)
A: True

Q: Statement 6

You are allowed to copy a photo of a painting from Rembrandt from a museum website, with a proper source reference and without asking for the owner's permission.
- True (This is incorrect. Even though Rembrandt passed away long ago, the photo is copyrighted by the photographer. The photographer did not have to ask for permission from Rembrandt's heirs.)
- False (That's right! Even though Rembrandt passed away long ago, the photo is copyrighted by the photographer. The photographer did not have to ask for permission from Rembrandt's heirs.)
A: False

Q: Statement 7

You are allowed to literally copy 5 lines from a book, with a proper source reference and without the owner's permission.
- True (That's right! Because only a small amount is quoted, just the source reference will suffice. N.B. A direct quote should be placed between quotation marks “…”)
- False (Because only a small amount is quoted, just the source reference will suffice. N.B. A direct quote should be placed between quotation marks “…”)
A: True

Q: Statement 8

You are allowed to literally copy half of the text on a website, with a proper source reference and without the owner’s permission.
- True (Permission is needed from the owner because a substantial part is quoted.)
- False (That's right! Permission is needed from the owner because a substantial part is quoted.)
A: False

Q: Statement 9

Under Reference List at the back of your report you only state: "This report uses study books from the 2nd and 3rd year". Is this allowed?
- True (As now it's impossible to tell which statement is from which book. This is not scientific and not precise.)
- False (That's right! As now it's impossible to tell which statement is from which book. This is not scientific and not precise.)
A: False

Q: Question 1

Why should you refer?

(More than one possible answer)
- You give others the recognition for their work.
- It is possible to verify your sources and reproduce your research.
- You need to support the points and choices you make.
- You need to show that you are aware of the major areas of thought in your specific subject.
A: You give others the recognition for their work.; It is possible to verify your sources and reproduce your research.; You need to support the points and choices you make.

Q: Question 2

Which of the statements below is true and which is false?
The 8 statements refer to these 3 references:

Van Der Kleij, C.S., et al. (2003). Comparing uncertain alternatives for a possible airport island location in the North Sea. Ocean and Coastal Management, 46 (11), 1031-1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2003.09.001

Iannou, P.G., & Kamat, V.R. (2005). Intelligent preemption in construction of a manmade island for an airport. In Evans, G.W. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference 2005, (pp. 1515-1523).

Papadakis, N. (s.a.). Legal aspects of artificial islands. London: Institute of International Studies.

1. The conference paper is wrtitten by G.W. Evans.
2. The journal article was published in 2003.
3. The book was published in London.
4. The journal article is written by 3 or more authors.
5. The book's publishing year is unknown.
6. The journal article was published in issue 46 of volume 11.
7. The tittle of the article is Ocean and Coastal Management.
8. The conference paper has more pages than the journal article.
- 1 | false
- 2 | true
- 3 | true
- 4 | false
- 5 | true
- 6 | false
- 7 | false
- 8 | false
Feedback: The first reference is a Journal article, where Ocean and Coastal Management is the title of the journal, 46 is the Volume number, 11 the issue number, and 131-147 the page numbers. The 'et al.' is sometimes used to shorten the author list when there are three or more authors. The DOI can be used to construct an URL that leads to the article: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.203.09.001Links to an external site. The second reference is a conference paper, that is part of a Conference Proceedings, 1515-1523 are the page numbers. G.W. Evans is the editor of the complete Proceedings, whereas Iaonou & Kamat are the authors of the paper. The last reference is a book, published by the Insitute of International Studies of which the publication year is unknown. This is indicated by s.a., which stands for Sine Anno meaning without date in Latin. 1 | false | The paper is written by Innaou, P.G. & Kamat, V.R. It is published in the Proceedings of Evan, G.W. 2 | true | The year between the round brackets that comes after the name(s) of the author(s) is de publishing year. 3 | true | With a book the place of publication comes directly after the (sub)title of the book. After the place comes the name of the publisher. 4 | false | In the reference list you always write down all authors completly. When referencing in text for 3 to 5 authors you write down all the names for the first time you refer to a specific source. After that you can use "author 1 et al., year). In case of more than 5 authors you can use "et al." from the first reference. 5 | true | When the date of publishing is unknown you can fill in n.d. for the date (no date) or s.a. (sine anno) 6 | false | The volume number comes first, then the issue number. So here the volume number is 46 and the issue number is 11. 7 | false | This is not the title of the article, but the title of the journal. The author and title of an article always come first. 8 | false | The journal article runs from page 1031 tot 1047, which are 16 pages. The conference paper runs from page 1515 to 1523, which are only 8 pages.

Q: Question 3

Write the reference of this article according to APA rules. If neccessary, see APA information on Cornell University Library APA-page.

Journal: International Journal of Marine and Costal Law
Publisher: Brill Academic Publishers
ISSN: 0927-3522
Title: Airports at sea: International legal implications
Author: Jaap Erik Molenaar & Albert Langeler
Issue: August 2001. Volume 14. Number 3
Pages: 71 –86
http://doi.org/10.1163/157180899X00192
A: Molenaar, Erik & Langeler, Albert (2001). Airports at Sea: International Legal Implications. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 14(3) , 71-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180899X00192
Feedback ("Molenaar, Erik & Langeler, Albert (2001). Airports at Sea: International Legal Implications. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 14(3) , 71-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180899X00192"): Well done!

Q: Question 1

Read the two texts below:

Text A | Text B
According to Meelissen, it is an illusion to think that schools can resolve gender differences in attitudes to ICT. Parents and the interests of the students play a much more important role [1]. | It is an illusion to suppose that education is able to resolve gender differences in attitudes to ICT. Research by Meelissen shows that though the attitudes of girls to computers varies more from school to school than that of boys, in both cases it is primarily the extra-curricular interests of the students and their families that determine the attitude to ICT [1].

Which text uses the information correctly?
- Text A (Text 1 is correct. Text B has two problems: · it is unclear that the first sentence also comes from the book of Meelissen. · It is mostly a direct quote and should be put within quotations marks)
- Text B (Text 1 is correct. Text B has two problems: · it is unclear that the first sentence also comes from the book of Meelissen. · It is mostly a direct quote and should be put within quotations marks)
A: Text A